第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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a dispute over who has the right to invest high clerics with the robes and insignia of office. ??The appointment of bishops and abbots is too valuable a right to be easily relinquished by secular rulers. Great feudal wealth and power is attached to these offices. And high clerics， as the best educated members of the medieval community， are important members of any administration. ??In subsequent periods compromises are made on both sides， particularly in the Concordat of Worms， in 1122， where a distinction is made between the spiritual and secular element in clerical appointments. But investiture remains a bone of contention between the papacy and lay rulers–not only in the emp