第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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See， as the feudal lord. ??This time the beneficiaries are the Normans， who are granted territorial rights in southern Italy and Sicily in return for feudal obligations to Rome. The pope， in an overtly political struggle against the German emperor， is playing a strong hand. The issue will be brought to a head within a few years by another pope， Gregory Ⅶ. ??Gregory VII and investiture: AD 1075 ??Pope Gregory seizes political control by decreeing， in 1075， that no lay ruler may make ecclesiastical appointments. Powerful bishops and abbots are henceforth to be pope’s men rather than emperor’s men. ??The issue becomes known as the investiture controversy， being in essence