第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
书迷正在阅读：神级扮演：从小丑开始、地下城之主、全球天选：开局觉醒百倍经验天赋、妖魔入侵：我成救世大剑仙、名侦探柯南续集、火影：等会，我先戴个写轮眼、神奇宝贝之无尽轮回、这个世界的穿越者有点多、异界游戏王之虚空变、潜伏火箭队，只为超梦
ly， corrupt practices in papal elections. Nicholas now restricts the choice of a new pope to a conclave of cardinals， thus ruling out any direct lay influence. Imperial influence is his clear target. ??In 1061 the assembled bishops of Germany–the emperor’s own faction–declare all the decrees of this pope null and void. Battle is joined. But meanwhile the pope has been enlisting new allies. ??In 1059 Nicholas II takes two political steps of a kind， unusual at this period， which will later be commonplace for the medieval papacy. He grants land， already occupied， to recipients of his own choice; and he involves those recipients in a feudal relationship with the papacy， or the Holy