第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
书迷正在阅读：神级扮演：从小丑开始、地下城之主、全球天选：开局觉醒百倍经验天赋、妖魔入侵：我成救世大剑仙、名侦探柯南续集、火影：等会，我先戴个写轮眼、神奇宝贝之无尽轮回、这个世界的穿越者有点多、异界游戏王之虚空变、潜伏火箭队，只为超梦
peror and pope comes to a head in two successive reigns， of the emperors Henry Ⅲ and Henry Ⅳ， in the 11th century. The imperial side has a clear win in the first round. ??In 1046 Henry III deposes three rival popes. Over the next ten years he personally selects four of the next five pontiffs. But after his death， in 1056， these abuses of the system bring a rapid reaction. Pope Nicholas II， elected in 1058， initiates a process of reform which exposes the underlying tension between empire and papacy. ??In 1059， at a synod in Rome， Nicholas condemns various abuses within the church. These include simony (the selling of clerical posts)， the marriage of clergy and， more controversial