第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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papal independence from the other Christian emperor in Constantinople. ??Otto and his son and grandson (Otto Ⅱ and Otto Ⅲ) regard the imperial crown as a mandate to control the papacy. They dismiss popes at their will and instal replacements more to their liking (sometimes even changing their mind and repeating the process). This power， together with territories covering much of central Europe， gives the German empire and the imperial title great prestige in the late 10th century. ??But subservience was not the papal intention in reinstating the Holy Roman Empire. A clash is inevitable. ??Papal decline and recovery: AD 1046–1061 ??The struggle for dominance between em