第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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n lifted. But the truce is short–lived. Henry’s enemies， prompted by the pope’s action， take a hand. ??German princes opposed to Henry IV elect and crown， in 1077， a rival king–Rudolf， the duke of Swabia. Rudolf and Henry engage in a civil war， which Henry wins in 1080. By then the pope has recognized Rudolf as the German king and has again excommunicated Henry. ??This time Henry’s response is more aggressive. He summons a council which deposes the pope and elects in his place the archbishop of Ravenna (as pope Clement III). Henry marches into Italy， enters Rome and is crowned emperor by this pope of his own creation. Meanwhile the real pope， Gregory， is living in a state of sie