第八章 The Industrial Revolution 工业革命
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inciples was brought about by James Watt. In close collaboration with Matthew Boulton， he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine， which incorporated a series of radical improvements， notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere， use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. All this meant that a more constant temperature could be maintained in the cylinder and that engine efficiency no longer varied according to atmospheric conditions. These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five， saving 75% on coal costs. ??