第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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died in 1122. ??3.Vertrag von Verdun 凡尔登条约 ??The Treaty of Verdun (Verdun–sur–Meuse, August 843) was a treaty between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. It ended the three years Carolingian Civil War. ??Lothair ceded Italy to his eldest son Louis II in 844, making him co–Emperor in 850. Lothair died in 855, dividing his kingdom into three parts: the territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of Burgundy was granted to his third son Charles of Provence, and the remaining territory to his second son Lothair II, after whom the hithert