第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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ordship to Lothair I. The Carolingians differed markedly from the Merovingians in that they disallowed inheritance to illegitimate offspring， possibly in an effort to prevent infighting among heirs and assure a limit to the division of the realm. In the late ninth century， however， the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of Arnulf of Carinthia， a bastard child of a legitimate Carolingian king. ??The Carolingians were displaced in most of the regna of the Empire in 888. They ruled on in East Francia until 911 and they held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987. Though they asserted their prerogative to rule， their hereditary， God–given ri