第四章 Europe in the Middle Ages 中世纪的
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ny and defeated the duke of Friuli in battle. The duke was slain. The duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co–conspirator， Arechis， was not subdued， and Adelchis， their candidate in Byzantium， never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his. ??In 787 Charlemagne directed his attention toward Benevento， where Arechis was reigning independently. Charlemagne besieged Salerno， and Arechis submitted to vassalage. However， with his death in 792， Benevento again proclaimed independence under his son Grimoald III. Grimoald was attacked by armies of Charles or his sons many times， but Charlemagne himself never returned to the Mezzogiorno， and Grimoald never was forced to surrend